Operating System

The operating system is the most important program that runs on a computer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers. Operating System is a interface between the user and the computer. Without OS computer is just a box that does nothing. To communicate with the computer it is essential to have a communication channel called operating system. OS is a program that controls the execution of a group of programs. It ensures if the computer is functioning normally. Input and Output are given through this medium. For large systems, the operating system has even greater responsibilities and powers. It is like a traffic cop -- it makes sure that different programs and users running at the same time do not interfere with each other. The operating system is also responsible for security, ensuring that unauthorized users do not access the system.

Classification of Operating System
There are Majorly 2 types of Operating System CUI (Character User Interface or Command Line User interface), Menu Driven User Interface and GUI (Graphical User Interface).

CUI
We can interact with commands only and the navigation in such computer is difficult. Equipment requirement is lower requiring only keyboard and minimum small display board. The Speed and Precision of execution of program is higher. It is difficult to operate and requires high amount of experience. It require very low amount of memory and storage of text based programs and appearance cannot be changed. This User Interface Operating System is mostly in Older Type of Computers and is still used in Powershells and command prompts of GUI Operating Systems. DOS and Unix

MDUI
This are driven by menu clicken and is less harder than CUI but is hard to change screens and is medium in all. Newer DOS and CUI use Hybrid system of MDUI and CUI.

GUI
We can interact with clicking of graphical elements and navigation is easier. Equipment requirement is higher needs mouse, keyboard and higher resolution displays. The Precision and speed is lower. It is really easy to operate, even a 5 years old can operate. It requires higher memory and storage devices. This User Interface Operating system is use in Modern System. Windows, Mac Os, Android, Chromium and Linux are some example of GUI Os. It is Can be of types Touch GUI, Normal GUI and Virtual and Augmented GUI.

= Example Of OS =

Linux
Linux  is a family of open-source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution.

Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux" in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy. Popular Linux distributions include Debian, Fedora, and Ubuntu.

Windows
Microsoft Windows, commonly referred to as Windows, is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families, all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft. Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry. Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT; these may encompass subfamilies, (e.g. Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact) (Windows CE). Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x, Windows Mobile and Windows Phone.Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20, 1985, as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world's personal computer (PC) market with over 90% market share.

Macintosh
The family of Macintosh OS developed by Apple Inc. includes the graphical user interface-based operating systems it has designed for use with its Macintosh series of personal computers since 1984, as well as the related system software it once created for compatible third-party systems

Chromium
Chrome OS (sometimes styled as chromeOS) is a Gentoo Linux–based operating system designed by Google. It is derived from the free software Chromium OS and uses the Google Chrome web browser as its principal user interface. However, Chrome OS is proprietary software.

Android
Android is a mobile os based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open source software, designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Android is developed by a consortium of developers known as the Open Handset Alliance and commercially sponsored by Google. It was unveiled in November 2007, with the first commercial Android device launched in September 2008.

IOS
iOS (formerly iPhone OS) is a mobile os created and developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for its hardware. It is the operating system that powers many of the company's mobile devices, including the iPhone and iPod Touch; the term also included the versions running on iPads until the name iPadOS was introduced with version 13 in 2019. It is the world's second-most widely installed mobile operating system, after Android. It is the basis for three other operating systems made by Apple: iPadOS, tvOS, and watchOS. It is proprietary software, although some parts of it are open source under the Apple Public Source License and other licenses.

Blackberry
BlackBerry OS is a proprietary mobile os developed by Canadian company BlackBerry Limited for its BlackBerry line of smartphone handheld devices. BlackBerry OS was discontinued after the release of BlackBerry 10 in January 2013. Blackberry Os 10 contains a simple android 4.3 installer and runner embedded in the Operating System.